This study explores North Korea's evolving use of cyber and counterspace capabilities, highlighting their development as key instruments of coercion in overcoming the regime’s leverage deficit and advancing its broader strategic objectives, particularly following the failure of the 2018 and 2019 U.S.–North Korea summits. By redefining the offense–defense theory within the context of the information age, this study addresses the underexplored role of cyber and space capabilities in North Korea's asymmetric warfare strategy. Specifically, it demonstrates how North Korea operates in these domains to exploit vulnerabilities in the interconnectedness of global networks to create new avenues for coercion without provoking full-scale military responses, while simultaneously increasing the risk of escalation. In conclusion, this study emphasizes, first, the urgent need to transition from traditional defense-oriented approaches to proactive, resilience-focused counterstrategies; second, the importance of strengthening international regulatory frameworks by fostering a shared understanding that North Korea’s cyber and space programs are closely tied to its nuclear and missile strategies as instruments of coercion; and last, the necessity for broader global cooperation among both state and non-state actors to mount a coordinated response to evolving threats in the cyber and space domains.
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