This paper deals with Pavlov theory in North Korea in the late 1950s, focusing on its role in ideological struggle in medicine and in reinterpretation of traditional medicine. In North Korean Ministry of Health found Pavlov theory to have rich resources which could be used in the construction of the North Korea's socialist medicine. First of all, Pavlov theory provided the North Korean Communist Party with a powerful ideological weapon against capitalist medical thoughts, representing superior socialist medicine based upon Marx-Leninism and dialectical materialism. This paper examines the contents of Pavlov theory introduced in the North Korea from the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. Pavlov theory in the North Korea was not merely a political slogan but a unified medical system of thought, ranging from biological theory on the organism and pathogenesis to clinical theory. Nonetheless, Pavlov theory became Pavlov doctrine in the ideologicalstruggle in healthcare field initiated by Kim Il Sung and the CommunistParty. In the process of the ideological struggle, the abducted surgeon KimSi-Chang was accused and purged of counter-revolutionary and refusal toconform to Pavlov doctrines by the Communist Party in 1959. Interestingly,Pavlov theory was used in reinterpretation of Traditional Medicine in NorthKorea from unscientific practice to a rich and scientific complementarymedicine by connecting the two with common theoretical componentssuch as Pavlov’s typology. By the enthusiastic Communist Party members,Pavlov doctrine was introduced, transformed and exploited to buildmonolithic ideology system in medicine in North Korea in the late 1950s.