In the 1990s; when socialist regimes collapsed in Central and East Europe; the existence of a civil society in North Korea and whether or not the North Korean regime would collapse were both issues of contention in international and national academic circles. Albeit; similar to other socialist countries; North Korea has experienced a dichotomized social differentiation between the official sector and the unofficial sector; meaning that an ideological monolithic regime can no longer be sustained. Therefore; this study explores how North Korea overcame its regime crisis during the period of the “Arduous March” in the late 1990s; and how the current regime is sustained notwithstanding dualistic social differentiation.

E. Hankiss’ criteria of dualistic social differentiation in the late-communist society of Hungary are applied to analyze North Korean society; so this study analyzes the dualistic social differentiation in North Korea using E. Hankiss’ criteria to explain a late communist society; with the exception of two criteria on elite behavior: Homogeneity versus Differentiation and Integration; Vertical versus Horizontal Organization; Descendance versus Ascendance; Statization versus Nonstatization; Centralization versus Noncentralization; Political versus Socioconomic Dominance; and Ideology versus No Ideology.

This study also compares how the distinctive “system-foreign” organizational principles in North Korea impact the economic sphere; as well as public life; cultural life; social consciousness; and the field of social and political interaction.

The Chinese and Vietnamese active reform policy has adopted a considerable share of the “second social sphere” into the “first social sphere”. However; the North Korea immaterial reform has only given a tacit consent to a tiny part of the “second social sphere”. As a result; it is found that a closed state policy; and physical and normative control are used to confound the boundary of dichotomic social differentiation. By ascribing the ‘second social sphere’ to the official social sector based on expediency and corruption.

Also; with a focus on social integration and social regulation; this study explores the survival of the North Korean regimes; in contrast to the demise of Central and East European socialist regimes; in the context of the physical and normative control used by the North Korean government on the ‘second social sphere’. In other words; the study analyzes how the mechanism of social control is exercised in North Korea; and how political stability and social control are achieved through Public Distribution System; Class policy; Powerful state apparatus. And the complementary impact of Confucian values on the weakened dominant ideology.

In North Korea; Confucian values have contributed to social integration and social regulation in the dichotomous social differentiation. When the North Korea value systems were challenged by capitalist values; Familism and other confucian values provided a supplementary social binding force for the weakened socialist ideology.

By ascribing the ‘second social sphere’ to the official social sector based on expediency and corruption. plus the application of physical and normative control; the North Korean government is able to fill the gap between social needs and permissible range of “first society”; and thereby overcome any disruption between the regime and the social reality.

"Ⅰ. 서 론 1

1. 문제 제기 1

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 6

1) 연구 범위 6

2) 연구 방법 7



Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 및 분석 변수들 10

1. 주요 개념 10

1) 사회분화 10

2) 2차 경제 11

3) 사회통제 13

2. 선행연구 검토 15

3. 분석 변수들과 연구의 구성 21

1) 분석 변수들 21

2) 연구의 구성 23



Ⅲ. 북한의 경제생활과 공공영역의 분화 27

1. 소비재시장의 확대 27

2. 기업소·공장의 2차 경제 활동 42

3. 국영부문에서의 절취행위와 개인차원에서의 비공식생산 56

4. 무역활동과 관련된 2차 경제 활동 71

5. 소결론 76



Ⅳ. 북한의 문화생활과 사회의식의 분화 79

1. 전통가치의 부활 80

2. 통신설비의 발전 85

3. 한국 대중문화를 비롯한 자본주의 문화의 유입과 유행 90

4. 주민의 복식변화 경향 105

5. 개인주의와 실리주의 성행 114

6. 소결론 122



Ⅴ. 북한의 정치·사회적 상호작용 124

1. 노동시장의 형성과 상인집단의 등장 125

2. 사회관계의 분화 136

3. 부정·부패의 성행 142

4. 체제에 대한 비판행위 152

5. 소결론 156



Ⅵ. 북한의 사회통제 메커니즘 159

1. 중앙배급체계 161

2. 계급정책 168

3. 국가기구 178

4. 소결론 200



Ⅶ. 북한의 사회통제 규범 202

1. 수령의 대한 우상화 202

2. 사상교양 214

3. 유교적 가치의 활용 224

4. 소결론 231



Ⅷ. 결 론 233



참고문헌 239



영문초록 252"