본 논문의 연구목적은 김일성·김정일의 현지지도와 그 과정에서 형성·발전·제도화된 정치리더십간의 상관성을 분석하는 것이다. 연구방법은 역사적 접근법과 문헌연구방법을 사용하였으며, 정치리더십의 기능에 관한 페이지(Glenn D. Paige)의 이론과 정치리더십의 역할에 관한 터커(Robert C. Tucker)의 이론을 활용하였다.
북한의 사회주의 발전과정과 현지지도의 상관성은 세 시기로 나누어 살펴볼 수 있다. 1950-60년대는 현지지도의 원형이 마련되고 사회주의 제도의 토대가 형성된 시기다. 1970-80년대는 사회주의 공업화와 ‘위로부터의 동원과 지도체계’가 형성되었다. 1990년대 이후는 북한체제 위기가 극대화되는 ‘고난의 행군’ 시기이다. ‘선군정치’를 표방한 김정일의 현지지도 방식이 김정일식 정치로 제도화되었다.
북한의 현지지도와 정치리더십의 상관성은 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 김일성의 정치리더십은 북한 건국 초기부터 1970년대 중반까지 천리마운동, 대안의 사업체계, 청산리방법 등과 같은 군중노선을 통해 제도화 되었다. 김정일의 정치리더십은 3대혁명소조, 속도전 등과 같은 대중노선에 토대하여 선군정치로 제도화되었다. 북한 현지지도의 지배양식은 동의와 억압 기제 모두를 활용하였다. 그러나 대중동원 과정에서 형성된 유일적 지배체제는 정치발전을 저해하였다. 김일성은 사회주의 연속혁명과 대를 이은 충성을 내세움으로써 유일체제를 지속시켰다. 또한 현지지도 방식은 북한 경제의 급속 성장을 가져왔으나, 동시에 외연적 성장전략의 탈피를 가로막는 걸림돌로 작용했다. 성장정치의 과정에서 오히려, 당·국가 관료들의 특권적 지배가 강화되었다. 북한은 강성대국 건설을 주장하며 현지지도 방식을 지속하였지만, 권위주의적 리더십의 한계에서 벗어나지 못하고 있다.
북한의 현지지도는 유일적 정치체제의 특성을 간직한 채, 선군정치와 강성대국 건설을 전략적 목표로 삼고 있는 한 앞으로도 지속 될 것으로 보인다.
북한의 현지지도에 관한 연구는 김정일 리더십이 현재 진행중이기 때문에 분석·평가하는데 한계가 있다. 현지지도의 구체적인 상황과 정책형성 과정에 대한 북한의 1차 자료 부족으로 미시적 분석에 어려움이 있었다. 특히 산업화 과정에서 대중들의 자발적 동의와 강제를 구분할 수 있는 자료의 부족으로 구체적인 논증은 향후 연구과제로 남겨둔다.
The purpose of this paper is to study how Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung's leadership was created, developed and institutionalized through the system of "on-the-spot" guidance. Using the methods of historical analysis and literature study, this paper applies the theory on the functions of political leadership introduced by Glenn D. Paige and that on the role of political leadership developed by Robert C. Tucker.
The relationship between the development of socialism in North Korea and its on-the-spot guidance system may be reviewed in three different periods. The first model of on-the-spot guidance was introduced during the 1950s and the 60s, a period in which the foundations for North Korean socialist system were laid. North Korea went through a process of socialistic industrialization while a system of top-down mass mobilization and its leadership structure were established in the following two decades. The crisis in the North Korean regime aggravated throughout the 1990s, a decade of “arduous march” for North Koreans. Advocating the importance of “army-first” policy, Kim Jong-il had incorporated on-the-spot guidance into his own style of political leadership during this period.
The relationship between North Korean political leadership and on-the-spot guidance may be summed up as the following. From the early days of North Korean regime to the mid 1970s, Kim Il-sung's leadership was established through the promotion of such mass lines as the Chollima Movement, Taean work system, and Chongsan-ri method. Likewise, mobilizing North Korean public through the promotion of three-revolution teams and speed campaigns, Kim Jong-il consolidated his political leadership in the form of the army-first policy. The North Korean leaders ruled the country using the on-the-spot guidance system that utilized two types of control mechanism simultaneously: consent and oppression. The monarchical ruling system created in the process of mass mobilization hampered development of a sound political system in North Korea, however. Stressing the importance of successive socialist revolutions and continuing loyalty to his own family line, Kim Il-sung was able to maintain his monarchical rule. His on-the-spot guidance helped North Korea achieve a rapid economic growth. Yet, it prevented the North Korean regime from breaking away from the external growth strategy. The process of rapid economic growth rather reinforced the ruling power of the privileged North Korean Workers' Party and state bureaucracy. North Korea has continued to rely on its leaders' on-the-spot guidance in its efforts to build a powerful nation, but failed to overcome the limitations of authoritarian leadership.
It seems that North Korea would continue to hold on to the on-the-spot guidance system in the future as long as the regime maintains the characteristics of monarchical political system and keeps the army-first policy and its desire to build a powerful nation as its strategic goals.
There exists a certain limit to analysing and evaluating North Korea's on-the-spot guidance system because Kim Jong-il's leadership is still in progress. In addition, lack of primary data on the details of on-the-spot guidance and insufficient information on North Korea's decision making process make it very difficult to make a microscopic analysis of the system. In particular, due to the lack of data that would help us to discriminate voluntary participation from forced mobilization of the mass during the process of North Korean industrialization, the burden of proof remains for future studies.The purpose of this paper is to study how Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung's leadership was created, developed and institutionalized through the system of "on-the-spot" guidance. Using the methods of historical analysis and literature study, this paper applies the theory on the functions of political leadership introduced by Glenn D. Paige and that on the role of political leadership developed by Robert C. Tucker.
The relationship between the development of socialism in North Korea and its on-the-spot guidance system may be reviewed in three different periods. The first model of on-the-spot guidance was introduced during the 1950s and the 60s, a period in which the foundations for North Korean socialist system were laid. North Korea went through a process of socialistic industrialization while a system of top-down mass mobilization and its leadership structure were established in the following two decades. The crisis in the North Korean regime aggravated throughout the 1990s, a decade of “arduous march” for North Koreans. Advocating the importance of “army-first” policy, Kim Jong-il had incorporated on-the-spot guidance into his own style of political leadership during this period.
The relationship between North Korean political leadership and on-the-spot guidance may be summed up as the following. From the early days of North Korean regime to the mid 1970s, Kim Il-sung's leadership was established through the promotion of such mass lines as the Chollima Movement, Taean work system, and Chongsan-ri method. Likewise, mobilizing North Korean public through the promotion of three-revolution teams and speed campaigns, Kim Jong-il consolidated his political leadership in the form of the army-first policy. The North Korean leaders ruled the country using the on-the-spot guidance system that utilized two types of control mechanism simultaneously: consent and oppression. The monarchical ruling system created in the process of mass mobilization hampered development of a sound political system in North Korea, however. Stressing the importance of successive socialist revolutions and continuing loyalty to his own family line, Kim Il-sung was able to maintain his monarchical rule. His on-the-spot guidance helped North Korea achieve a rapid economic growth. Yet, it prevented the North Korean regime from breaking away from the external growth strategy. The process of rapid economic growth rather reinforced the ruling power of the privileged North Korean Workers' Party and state bureaucracy. North Korea has continued to rely on its leaders' on-the-spot guidance in its efforts to build a powerful nation, but failed to overcome the limitations of authoritarian leadership.
It seems that North Korea would continue to hold on to the on-the-spot guidance system in the future as long as the regime maintains the characteristics of monarchical political system and keeps the army-first policy and its desire to build a powerful nation as its strategic goals.
There exists a certain limit to analysing and evaluating North Korea's on-the-spot guidance system because Kim Jong-il's leadership is still in progress. In addition, lack of primary data on the details of on-the-spot guidance and insufficient information on North Korea's decision making process make it very difficult to make a microscopic analysis of the system. In particular, due to the lack of data that would help us to discriminate voluntary participation from forced mobilization of the mass during the process of North Korean industrialization, the burden of proof remains for future studies.
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