북한 경제·사회 실태 인식보고서 영문보고서

도서 PDF 받기:_북한 경제·사회 실태 인식보고서 영문보고서

1. This report is based on the results of surveys and in-depth interviews with North Korean defectors conducted by the from 2013 to 2022. Initiated by the Ministry of Unification in 2010, the project has collected detailed information through questions systematically categorized into areas such as the economy, society, and perceptions of residents since 2013.

2. Defector surveys and interviews are among the few ways to understand the reality of North Korea, where field investigations are not feasible. Although the sample of surveys and interviews cannot accurately capture the characteristics of the entire population, these sources can be of great use given careful interpretation of the results.

3. The surveys and interviews for this report asked respondents to answer the questions based on their experiences or perceptions earned while living in North Korea and organized the data by the final defection year of the respondents so that one can understand the reality of North Korea as experienced by North Korean defectors over time. However, exceptions were made when assessing the North Korean economy and society since Kim Jong Un took power, asking questions of those who defected both before and after Kim Jong Un’s succession to power.

4. The percentages in this report are rounded to the first decimal place and may not add up to exactly 100%. The percentages may add up to less than 100% when the proportion of ‘don’t know’ and ‘etc.’ responses as well as non-responses are not shown in tables or figures. The sum of the proportions may exceed 100% when a question allows more than one answer.

5. The total number of respondents in the tables and figures of this report may vary from question to question in cases with non-respondents to the questions, questions recently added to the survey with fewer respondents, or questions conditional on responses to the previous question (e.g., when respondents of only a particular job category were asked to answer).

6. The terms and words used in this report are, in principle, taken from the survey questionnaire of the . North Korean terms that need to be indicated as such are italicized.

7. When quoting qualitative data from in-depth interviews of the , this report made it a rule to quote the original recorded text rather than adhere to standard Korean and spelling rules, and to translate from Korean to English as literally as possible. Comments were added to some parts that are difficult to understand otherwise.

8. Additional information boxes titled ‘Find Out’ are included by the Ministry of Unification to provide readers with more detailed information from relevant experts’ suggestions. An explanation of how North Korea’s nuclear and missile development has aggravated the suffering of its people is also included by the Ministry of Unification on pages 64-70.

Contents

■ Notes for Users of This Report 02
■ Preface 04
■ Recommendation 07
■ Executive Summary 10

Ⅰ. Introduction 45
1. Overview 46
2. Explanatory Notes 51
3. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample 54

Ⅱ. Current State and Changes in the North Korean Economy 63
1. Overall Status of the Economy 64
(1) The Nuclear and Missile Programs and the Suffering People 64
(2) A Dual Structure of Economic Activity and Income Acquisition 70
(3) The Situation Regarding Foreign Currency in North Korea 78
(4) Household Discretionary Money 82
(5) Income Distribution and Inequality 83
2. Realities of the State-Run Economy 90
(1) Mining and Manufacturing Industry Sector: State-Owned Enterprises 90
(2) Agricultural Sector: Collective Farms 106
(3) Financial Sector: Banks 119
3. Expansion of the Private Economy 123
(1) Diversification of Private Economic Activities 123
(2) Expansion of Commerce and General Markets 132
(3) Expansion of Small Plot Cultivation 158
(4) Expansion of Private Financing 167
(5) Expansion of Private Employment 176
4. Expansion of Privatization of Small-Scale State-Owned Assets 184
(1) Housing and Real Estate Transactions 184
(2) Trade of Stalls in General Markets 194
(3) Buying and Selling of Small Plots of Land 197
(4) Expansion of Small-Scale Private Enterprises: Leasing the Assets and Names of State-Owned Enterprises 200
5. The Economy: Conclusion 205

Ⅲ. Current State and Changes in North Korean Society 213
1. Basic Human Necessities (e.g., Clothing, Food, and Shelter) 214
(1) Persistent Shortages of Basic Human Necessities 215
(2) Diversification in the Means of Acquiring Basic Human Necessities 224
2. Electricity, Water and Sewage 229
(1) Chronic Power Shortages 229
(2) Poor Water and Sewage Infrastructure 234
3. Health and Medical Services 237
(1) Inequality in Healthcare Services 237
(2) Lack of Awareness and Non-Utilization of
the Section Doctor System 243
(3) Self-Supply of Medications 246
(4) Distrust of Hospitals and the Financial Burden of Medical Expenses 250
4. Education and Childcare 252
(1) Emphasis on the Political Education of Ideology 252
(2) The Burgeoning Popularity and Spread of Private Education 254
(3) Professionalization and Increasingly Early Introduction of Private Education 257
(4) Proliferation of Self-Reliant Childcare Solutions 263

5. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) 267
(1) Proliferation of ICT Devices and Persistent Inequality 267
(2) Differential Increase in Mobile Phone Users 273
(3) Limited Use of Computers 276
6. Transportation Facilities and Systems 280
(1) Diversification of Transportation 280
(2) Development of Private Transportation 283
7. The Reality and Domestic Lives of Women 286
(1) Women’s Realities: Labor and Family 286
(2) Changing Gender Roles 295
8. Control and Disciplinary Governance 299
(1) Routinized Resident Control System 299
(2) Marketization of Public Services and the Proliferation of Bribery 307
(3) External Information Distribution and Social Changes 309
9. Society: Conclusion 314

Ⅳ. Perceptions of Residents 321
1. Perceptions of Politics 323
(1) Supreme Leader’s Leadership 323
(2) Hereditary Succession 330
2. Perceptions of the Economy 334
(1) Market 334
(2) Planned Economy 339
3. Perceptions of Society 343
(1) Attitudes toward Individualism 343
(2) Perceptions of the Rule of Law 346
(3) Necessity of Information Devices 352
(4) Interest in Information Coming from the Outside World 355
4. Perceptions: Conclusion 360

Ⅴ. Conclusion 367