[학위논문] The Extractive Institutionalization of North Korean Marketization: Dual Market Dynamics and Regional Disparities
...the absence
of institutional guarantees. Chapter 5 shifts focus to "marketization from above," detailing how the privileged core exploits institutional hierarchies to extract surplus value generated in local economies. It examines the mechanisms
of selective benefit allocation, monopolistic practices, and the centralization
of economic gains, with particular attention to
trade permits(wakeau)...
