[학위논문] The Extractive Institutionalization of North Korean Marketization: Dual Market Dynamics and Regional Disparities
...further elaborated in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 4 delves into "marketization from below," charting the rise of grassroots economic activities that have driven processes of commodification,
monetization, and limited capital accumulation. Yet, it reveals the constraints of this process, as local surpluses often fail to circulate effectively, remaining trapped in short-term activities or idle reserves...
