[뉴스] 트럼프, 이젠 푸틴 압박 … 금융 제재 경고

평화협정 중재에 나선 후 줄곧 러시아 편을 들던 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령이 이례적으로 블라디미르 푸틴 러시아 대통령을 압박하고 있다. 26일(현지시간) 트럼프 대통령은 프란치스코 교황의 장례 미사를 계기로 바티칸 성베드로 대성당에서 볼로디미르 젤렌스키 우크라이나 대통령을 만난 직후 이 같은 어조 변화가 두드러졌다. 트럼프 대통령은 젤렌스키 대통령과 회담한 직후 소셜미디어를 통해 러시아의 공습을 비판하며 푸틴 대통령이 평화협정을 체결할 의지가 없는 것 같다고 비판했다. 그는 이어 "푸틴 대통령을 은행(Banking)이나 2차 제재(Secondary Sanctions)로 다르게 다뤄야 한다는 생각이 든다"며 "너무 많은 사람이 죽고 있다"고 말했다.

[뉴스] 北, 새 대북제재 위반 감시 기구 출범에 “가담한 나라 대가 치를 것”

북한은 20일 한미일을 주축으로 한 11개국이 북한의 대북제재 회피를 감시할 새 모니터링 기구인 ‘다국적 제재 모니터링 팀(MSMT·Multilateral Sanctions Monitoring Team)’을 출범시킨 데 대해 “가담한 나라들은 반드시 대가를 치르게 될 것”이라고 경고했다.

[뉴스] How North Korea’s lucrative trade in human hair is helping it skirt the impact of sanctions

They almost certainly don’t know it, but western owners of shiny new wigs and false eyelashes could owe their look to North Korean slave labour.

[뉴스] This article is more than 2 months old UK sends UN experts photographs of North Korean shipments to Russia

The UK has provided satellite photographs of North Korean cargo shipments to Russia to a panel of UN experts as part of an attempt to trigger an official investigation into arms deals in violation of international sanctions.

[정치/군사] Nuclear North Korea

...discussion of North Korea, particularly the idea that North Korea is an irrational actor. Cha and Kang look at the implications of a nuclear North Korea, assess recent and current approaches to sanctions and engagement, and provide a functional framework for constructive policy. With a new chapter on the way forward for the international community in light of continued nuclear tensions, this book...

[학술논문] An Unexpected Link between Export Sanctions and Cyberespionage

...country's access to advanced technology, it may resort to cyberespionage as a workaround. A 2SRI analysis of 747,716 directed dyad-year cases from 2001 to 2020 shows that countries under export sanctions are more likely to conduct cyberespionage attacks against sanctioning countries during this period. Case studies of North Korea and China further illustrate how export controls can drive cyberespionage...

[학술논문] 제재의 역설(Sanctions Paradox)과 북한의 적응 방식: 북한의 대(對)앙골라 관계 변화를 중심으로

본 연구는 국제사회의 대북 제재가 북한의 태도 변화보다는 제재 환경에서의 적응과 구조적 재편을 촉진해 왔다는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 북한–앙골라 관계를 사례로 국제사회의 제재 환경 속에서 양국 관계가 어떻게 변형·지속되어 왔는지 분석한다. 본 연구는 ‘제재의 역설’ 개념을 바탕으로 북한의 대응을 상징·예술, 노동·기술, 의례적 소통, 외교 네트워크의 네 가지 유형으로 구분하여 검토한다. 분석 결과, 북한은 제재를 외부 압박이 아닌 체제 운영의 상수로 내면화하며, 외화 확보, 외교적 완충 기능 확보, 비공식 협력 구조 구축 등을 통해 적응 경로를 구조화해 왔다. 본 연구는 이 과정을 ‘구조화된 적응 경로’로 개념화하며, 제재가 표적국의 새로운 적응 구조를 초래할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

[학술논문] How Target-State Agency Shapes Geoeconomic Influence: Insights from Sino.North Korean Relations

...political priorities and calculated responses. North Korea’s sustained resistance has significantly weakened China’s policy influence, highlighting the decisive role of target-state agency in geoeconomic interactions. Hence, consistent with relevant UN Security Council resolutions and sanctions, the international community should explore more flexible pathways for economic engagement with North Korea.

[학술논문] Economic Experimentation under Authoritarian Closure: Urban and Social Transformation in North Korea’s Rason SEZ

...between 2009 and 2013, primarily in downtown Rason, while building density continued to rise in the city center and its surrounding areas. Regression analysis indicates that trade volume, targeted sanctions on specific goods, and the COVID-19 pandemic significantly influenced the SEZ’s development, with trade with China exerting the most substantial effect. The interview findings corroborate the satellite...

[학술논문] Economic Sanctions and Private Goods: Focusing on North Korea’s Trade and Finance Elite Coalition

This study examines how North Korea’s ruling coalition has been restructured over the course of prolonged international sanctions. Moving beyond macro-level analyses of sanctions, it focuses on internal changes within the elite coalition that sustains the regime, drawing on selectorate theory. Using role descriptions of North Korean individuals appearing in UN Security Council Panel of Experts reports...

[해외] North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs

...in size and sophistication, and they present a clear and present danger of nuclear attack on the American Homeland." U.S. policies and multiple UN Security Council (UNSC) resolutions have imposed sanctions and called on North Korea to eliminate its nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs in a "complete, verifiable and irreversible manner." Since 2022, Russian and Chinese policies toward North...

[해외] Pyongyang’s diplomatic calculus in an unstable multipolar order

...This recognition explains Pyongyang’s parallel effort to stabilize relations with Beijing. China remains North Korea’s most important economic lifeline and diplomatic buffer against international sanctions. Yet the relationship is marked by mutual ambivalence. China views North Korea as both a strategic asset and a liability, while Pyongyang remains wary of overdependence. Consequently, North Korea’s...

[해외] How North Korea Won: The Strange Triumph of Kim Jong Un

...dilapidated public health-care system, and struggling with a battered economy. Kim himself was humiliated and isolated, both domestically and internationally, after failing to deliver much-needed sanctions relief in some heady high-profile summitry with the leaders of the United States, South Korea, China, and Russia. It was arguably the lowest moment in the Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea’s...

[해외] North Korea as It Is: The Case for a Cold Peace

...in exchange for similarly scaled nuclear concessions—for example, a temporary freeze on operating reactors and a declaration of its nuclear inventory. And the United States has relied on economic sanctions to bring North Korea to the negotiating table and to pressure it to comply with nonproliferation agreements. The size and sophistication of North Korea’s nuclear arsenal today shows that these approaches...

[해외] North Korea’s Pursuit of Medical Cooperation: Opportunities and Challenges

...appear to reflect this change in strategy and potentially pose a narrow opening for engagement by other stakeholders as well, especially given Russia’s limitations in this area. However, developing sanctions-compliant medical engagement and health system strengthening will test the international community’s willingness to build a different relationship with North Korea—one of partnership despite politics...